Vores opmærksomhed omkring sammenhængen af en sund tarm og et sundt legeme er støt stigende i takt med, at forskningen inden for tarmbakterier vokser. Området er stort, og selv om der kommer nye resultater næsten hver dag, ser det ud til, at vi kun har fået berørt overfladen.
Af Torunn Laksafoss, Cand. Scient. biokemi, biopat og naturopath ibm.
Artiklen blev bragt i magasinet sund-forskning.dk – sensommer 2013
Alene antallet af tarmbakterier samt deres mangfoldighed vidner om, hvor meget mere viden vi kan forvente i fremtiden. Vores tarme indeholder nemlig ikke mindre end 500–1000 forskellige bakterier, og for hver milliliter afføring er der 1000 milliarder bakterier. Spørgsmålet er, om vores tarmbakterier er med til aktivt at modulere vores immunsystem, og om fravær af bakterier fremprovokerer sygdom?
Hvad viser forskningen på dyr?
Ved at undersøge tarmbakterier hos ”sterile” mus, kan forskerne opnå mere klare ja/nej svar. På denne måde har de vist, hvor vigtigt et godt tarmmiljø er for bl.a. vores immunforsvar. De gode bakterier i vores mave danner mange antiinflammatoriske stoffer og er dermed en del af vores immunforsvar på en meget delikat måde. De gode bakterier kan interagere med immunforsvaret i tarmen ved at stimulere nogle specifikke celler til at danne mere IgA, der så kan angribe de patogene mikrober, der i øvrigt er i konkurrence med de gode bakterier.
At der er en hård konkurrence mellem de forskellige bakterier, viste sig også i et studie af sterile mus, hvor samspillet mellem gram-positive og gramnegative bakterier blev undersøgt. De gram-negative bakterier stimulerede tarmcellerne til at danne et anti-mikrobielt peptid, der så blev brugt mod andre gram-positive.
Et beskidt kneb, der med al tydelighed viser den direkte interaktion mellem bakterier og vores krop. Forskning i, hvordan bakterierne påvirker vores tarmceller, har nu vist sig at involvere bl.a. vores hjerne via den såkaldte mave-hjerne akse. Denne akse er meget vigtig for balancen i vores krop og reguleres af nerve-, hormon- og immunsystem på én gang. Ved igen at se på en gruppe sterile mus, hvor kun halvdelen blev podet med tarmbakterier fra andre mus, har et lille studie fra Japan vist en meget væsentlig forskel i hjernen på de to grupper.
Især var det interessant, at de ex-sterile mus havde et signifikant højere niveau af aminosyren tyrosin i forhold til den sterile gruppe. Aminosyren tyrosin omdannes til neurotransmitteren dopamin, men de ex sterile mus havde signifikant lavere mængde af netop dopamin. Resultatet indikerer, at omdannelsen fra aminosyre til neurotransmitter let kan påvirkes af vores tarmflora. Et resultat, der måske kan bruges i forskningen af Parkinsons syge?
Sammenligningen af de to grupper mus viste også mange andre spændende resultater. Fælles for dem var dog, at stoffer, som kun dannes i hjernen, blev meget påvirkede af podningen af bakterier hos de ex-sterile mus, modsat kontrolgruppen. Spørgsmålet er dog, hvor relevant resultatet er for os mennesker i vores dagligdag?
Mennesket og bakterierne
Ved sammenligning af afføringsprøver fra syge og raske mennesker er der en stor forskel på både diversiteten og mængden af bakterier, de to grupper imellem. Effekten af denne forskel er godt undersøgt for de svære tarmlidelser som Crohn’s og Colitis Ulcerosa, hvor forholdet har en direkte indvirkning på immunsystemet.
Begge sygdomme er karakteriserede ved en svær inflammation af tarmsystemet og har en omfattende påvirkning af patientens helbred. Selve årsagen til disse tarmlidelser er endnu ikke klarlagt, men noget tyder på en evt. patogen, der skaber en forskydning af den immunologiske ligevægt mellem tarm og bakterier, hvorefter der sker en kaskadeeffekt samt overreaktion af immunforsvaret. Forskydningen medfører bl.a. en lavere mængde af bakterioider, der ellers normalt hjælper os med at nedbryde polysakkarider.
Den samme mangel på bakterioider findes også hos overvægtige, hvilket tyder på en ændring af vores tarmflora enten som resultat af sygdommen eller som årsag dertil. Desuden kan der for begge sygdomme være tale om en genetisk faktor, der kan få immunsystemet omkring tarmen til at overreagere. Selve manglen på gruppen af bakterioider er sådan set alvorlig nok. De udgør trods alt størstedelen af vores tarmflora og er vigtige for nedbrydning af vores kost.
Løsningen er probiotika?
Studier både på dyr og mennesker viser, at vi har mulighed for at forbedre vores tarmflora ved at indtage tarmbakterier. Fordelen ved at tilføre friske bakterier er dels, at de sænker mængden af dårlige produkter fra de patogene bakterier, men især, at vi får en mulighed for at ændre tarmens immunrespons.
En fællesnævner for næsten alle probiotika er nemlig, at de har evnen til at dæmpe inflammation, hvilket i bund og grund er årsagen til de fleste sygdomme. Især ser det ud til, at en bred blanding af både Lactobaciller, Bifido og Streptokokker i kombination er det, der virker mest bredt. Tilførslen af probiotika har desuden en positiv effekt i forhold til sænkning af kolesterol og insulin samt stigning af leptin.
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