Er mikrobølgemad sund eller skadelig? Udgør de mikrobølger, der slipper ud af mikrobølgeovne, en sundhedstrussel? Her kan du læse om, hvad forskningen foreløbig er kommet frem til.
Af Thomas Grønborg.
Artiklen blev bragt i magasinet sund-forskning.dk – sensommer 2013
I årtier har det været omstridt, om tilberedning af mad i mikrobølgeovne er gavnlig eller skadelig for maden. Mistanken til mikrobølgeovne er blandt andet affødt af, at mikrobølgerne har en voldsom effekt på molekylerne i maden. Molekylerne bringes nemlig til at rotere millioner af gange i sekundet, hvorved der opstår friktioner, som skaber opvarmningseffekten. Det, som forskere er på jagt efter, er, om påvirkningen med mikrobølger ændrer kemien i maden på uheldige eller gavnlige måder. Desuden er det et spørgsmål, om de lækkende mikrobølger fra ovnene kan være skadelige for dem, der opholder sig i nærheden af dem.
Forskning, der viser uheldige effekter:
• 60 sekunder i mikrobølgeovne ødelægger hvidløgs kræftbekæmpende stoffer. 45 minutter i ovne, hvor der ikke bruges mikrobølger, har samme effekt. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11238815
• Antistoffer i modermælk mod colibakterier bliver klart nedsat ved opvarmning til lav temperatur og massivt nedsat ved høj temperatur. Mikrobølger øger også surhedsgraden (pH) af mælken, skader proteinerne, forstørrer fedtcellerne og ødelægger B-vitaminet folinsyre. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1557249
• Mikrobølger ændrer en del af de venstredrejende naturlige aminosyrer til den højredrejende form, som organismen ikke kan genkende, og som derfor kan føre til dannelse af frie radikaler og fremme cancervækst. (Balcer-Kubiczek EK, Harrison GH: Neoplastic transformation of C3H/10T1/2 cells following exposure to 120 Hz modulated 2.45 GHz microwaves and pharbol ester tumor promoter (TPA). Radiat Res 1991 Apr 126: 65-72).
• Næringsstoffernes molekylære strukturer bliver deformeret i gulerødder og broccoli, når de bliver mikrobølgede. Der sker en vending af polariteten af stofferne, og cellevæggene bliver destrueret, hvilket ikke er tilfældet ved konventionel opvarmning. Der kan herved blandt andet dannes frie radikaler. (Schrumpf, E, Charley H (1975): Texture of Broccoli and Carrots cooked by Microwave Energy. J Food Science, 40: 1025-9).
• Mikrobølgeovne forårsager en væsentlig højere grad af udfoldning af proteiner i maden set i forhold til konventionel opvarmning http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18240290
• Ved mikrobølgetilberedning mister broccoli 97 % af flavonoiderne, 74 % af sinapics og 87 % af caffeoyl-quinic-derivater (tre forskellige typer antioxidanter). Ved almindelig kogning mister broccoli 66 % af flavonoiderne. Dampes broccolien, mister den kun 11 % af flavonoiderne, ingen af sinapics og kun 8 % af coffeyl-quinic-derivaterne. (Vallejo F, Tomás-Barberán FA, Garcia-Viguera, C: Phenolic compound content in edible parts of broccoli inflorescenses after domestic cooking. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Vol 83, 14: 1511-16).
• Når mælk eller blandinger af 10 gram råt oksekød eller svinekød med 50 milliliter vand udsættes for mikrobølger, ødelægges 30-40 % af B12-vitaminet. (Watanabe F, Abe K, Fujita T: Effects of Microwave Heating on the Loss of Vitamin B12 in Foods. J. Agric. Food. Chem, Vol 45, No. 1, 1998: 206-10).
• I karbonader af kylling og oksekød øges det totale kolesterol- oxidationsprodukt (COP) 5,3-6,1 gange ved mikrobølgeopvarmning i forhold til kun 1,5-2,6 gange ved stegning. Dette kan muligvis medvirke til åreforkalkning. (Echarte M, Ansorena D, Astiasarán I: Consequences of Microwave Heating and Frying on the Lipid Fraction of Chicken and Beef Patties. J Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51; 5941-45).
Hvad viser forskningen?
Ved alle former for opvarmning kan der ske både gavnlige og skadelige effekter på maden. Dette gælder fx for kogning, dampning, stegning og grill.
– Om mikrobølgeovne er værre eller bedre end andre tilberedningsmetoder, er et yderst komplekst spørgsmål, og på mange områder mangler der god forskning. Der tegner sig et billede af, at mikrobølgetilberedning tilsyneladende er gunstigt i nogle henseender og ugunstigt i andre, men der er ikke nok eller tilstrækkeligt overbevisende forskning til at drage overordnede konklusioner, mener Eva Lydeking-Olsen, der er ernæringsvejleder og i de senere år har forsket i mikrobølgemad. Der er fx undersøgelser, der peger på, at mikrobølgetilberedning reducerer mængden af flavonoider og isothiocyanates i broccoli. Dette kan være uheldigt, fordi disse stoffer beskytter mod kemikalier, oxidativ stress og kræft. Men der er kun lavet to undersøgelser om reduktionerne af disse stoffer, og resultaterne er ikke særligt entydige ifølge Eva Lydeking-Olsen.
– På den anden side peger forskningen på, at mikrobølgetilberedning generelt ikke er mere ugunstigt i forhold til bevarelse af vitaminer sammenlignet med andre opvarmningsmetoder. Samtidig reducerer mikrobølgetilberedning også visse genskadende og kræftfremkaldende stoffer, pointerer Eva Lydeking-Olsen. For eksempel er mikrobølgeovne gode til at komme et hårdnakket svampetoksin til livs, og i forhold til andre opvarmningsmetoder danner de meget mindre af det giftige AGE (Advanced Glycation Endproducts), der karamelliserer sukkerstoffer i celler.
Opsigtsvækkende forsøg med mennesker
Der findes kun én undersøgelse, hvor man har forsøgt at finde ud af, hvilke effekter mikrobølgemad konkret har på mennesker. Den er lavet af Dr. Hans Ulrich Hertel i 1991, hvor otte mennesker fik mikrobølgemad i en periode. Undersøgelsen er ofte blevet hevet frem som et eksempel på, at mikrobølgeovne er skadelige. Hos forsøgspersonerne målte man nemlig et fald i hæmoglobinværdier og lymfocytter (hvide blodlegemer) samt forhøjelse af kolesterolniveauet. Hertel og hans undersøgelse fik med det samme industrien på nakken, hvilket ikke er overraskende, men der er også uvildige forskere, som i dag sætterstore spørgsmålstegn ved validiteten af undersøgelsen. Eva Lydeking-Olsen mener, at undersøgelsen ikke er af høj kvalitet, fordi den har mange uklarheder, og de rapporterede forandringer er så små, at de næppe har betydning i det virkelige liv.
Har forskningen fat i den lange ende?
Forskningen i mikrobølgemad har indtil nu været fokuseret på, om mikrobølgerne skaber flere eller færre vitaminer og forskellige stoffer i maden. I debatten om mikrobølgeovne er der imidlertid røster, som er inde på, at mikrobølgerne måske ændrer de naturlige molekylestrukturer eller ”informationen” i maden, så fordøjelsen af den forandres på uhensigtsmæssige måder. Indtil videre er der dog ingen forskning, der kan fastslå dette. Spørgsmålet er også, om man med de nuværende videnskabelige teknologier overhovedet kan afgøre så avancerede sager?
Mikrobølgeovne lækker stråling
Selv om der er indbygget afskærmende materialer, så lækker mikrobølgeovne mikrobølgestråling. Sikkerhedsstyrelsen oplyser, at den lækkende stråling ikke må overstige 50 W/m2 i en afstand af 5 cm eller mere fra mikrobølgeovnens udvendige overflade. Til sammenligning er dette 5 gange mere end den tilladte mikrobølgestråling fra mobilmaster, der udsender mikrobølger i cirka de samme frekvensområder. Når man ophold er sig i nærheden af en aktiv mikrobølgeovn, vil man således kunne blive forholdsvis kraftigt bestrålet med mikrobølger. Der findes en undersøgelse, der viser, at gravide fordobler risikoen for at abortere, hvis de bruger mikrobølgeovn.
(De-Kun Li, Roxana Odouli, Soora Wi et al: A Population- Based Prospective Cohort Study of Personal Exposure to Magnetic Fields during Pregnancy and the Risk of Miscarriage. Epidemiology January 2002, Vol 13 No. 1: 9-29).
Denne undersøgelse er den eneste, som nærværende artikels forfatter har kunnet finde, der belyser om mikrobølgeovnes lækkende stråling skader mennesker. Men der er hundredvis af undersøgelser, der peger på, at elektromagnetisk stråling, herunder mikrobølger fra trådløs telekommunikation (mobiltelefoner og mobilmaster etc.), kan have en række sundhedsskadelige virkninger på mennesker, dyr, planter og celler. Når det gælder mennesker, er der fx tale om øget kræftrisiko, DNA-skader og neurologiske skader.
www.helbredssikker-telekommunikation.dk
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